Book Review: Coalitions between Terrorist Organizations: Revolutionaries, Nationalists and Islamist
Hebrew
English
Hello, Guest
Login
Contact Us
Subscribe
Content World
World Summit
News
Horizon 2020
Advanced Search
About Us
About Us
Board of Directors
Our Team
Professional Advisory Board
Research Fellows
Fellows
In Memoriam
Publications
Articles
Commentaries
ICTR
JWMG Reviews
Database Reports
Cyber Reviews
Special Reports
Spotlight
Desks
Cyber
IHL
JWMG
CBRN
Prosecution
Iran and Shi'ite Terrorism
Terrorism and the Media
Terror and Psychology
Governance
Extremism and Hate Crime
Education
BA in Government
MA in Government
Executive Program
Cyber Seminar
Online Course
Tailor Made Courses
Internships
Ragonis Foundation
Activities
World Summit
Events
Newsletter
ICTAC
ICT in the Media
Counter Terrorism Today
#AskICT
Internships
CT Solutions
Open Source Intelligence
Threat Assessment & Risk Analysis
Training
Red Teaming
CT Legal Support
CT Financing & Due Diligence
Videos
Pictures
Mobile
x
Login
User Name
Password
Remember me on this computer
/
Register now
x
Advanced Search
Content World
Content World
World Summit
News
Horizon 2020
Free Text
Organization
Organization
Abu Sayyaf
Al Qaeda
Al Shabab
Al-Nusra Front
AQAP
AQIM
Boko Haram
Hamas
Hezbollah
Hizb-ut-Tahrir
ISIS
LTTE
MILF
Palestinian Islamic Jihad
PKK
PLO
Uighurs
From Date
To Date
Attack
Attack
Assassinations
CBRN
Cyber Attack
Hostage Taking
IED
Kidnapping
Rocket
Shooting
Stabbing
Suicide Bombing
Tunnels
VBIED (Car Bomb)
Region
Region
Afghanistan
Africa
Argentina
Asia
Australia
Balkans
Brazil
Canada
Chechnya
Congo
Egypt
Europe
Gaza
Iran
Iraq
Israel
Jordan
Latin America
Lebanon
Middle East
Nigeria
North America
Pakistan
Paraguay
Russia
Saudi Arabia
Somalia
South America
Syria
Tri-Border Area
Turkey
USA
Yemen
Author:
Author
Abadi, Shlomo
Abargel, Avi (Col. Ret. Dr.)
Ackerman, Gary (Dr.)
Adamsky, Dmitry (Dima) (Prof.)
Adato, Orit (Lt. Gen. Ret.)
Addicott, Jeffrey F. (Prof.)
Adiri, Jonathan
Aharonishki, Shlomo (Commissioner Ret.)
Ahmad, Mansour (Mr.)
Ahmet S Yayla
Akerele, Toulu
Alhaji Buba, Imrana
Ali, Rashad
Alice Marzi
Alik Ron (Maj. Gen. Ret.)
Allo, Betania
Almog, Doron (Maj. Gen. Res.)
Almoz, Moti (Brig. Gen.)
Amar, Eli
Ambreen, Agha
Amit, Arieh (Maj. Gen. Ret.)
Amro, Rateb (Dr. Col. Ret.)
Anderson, Kara
Angel Toma, Miguel (H.E.)
Anti Defamation League
Arad, Eyal
Arad, Uzi (Prof.)
Aran, Gideon (Prof.)
Arditi, Dani (Brig. Gen. Res.)
Arieh-Parnell, Sarah
Arieli, Mickey
Ariely, Gil-Ad (Dr.)
Ashkenazi, Gabi (Lt. Gen. Ret.)
Atad, Erga (Dr.)
Atiyas Lvovsky, Lorena
Atteridge, Amber
Avihai, Hillel (Dr.)
Avman Oren, (.Brig. Gen. Res)
Ayalon, Danny (Amb.)
Ayalon, Shachar (Commissioner Ret.)
Azani, Eitan (Dr.)
Aziza, Benjamin
Bacci, David
Bachvarova, Rumiana (H.E.)
Bacon, Tricia (Dr.)
Bacon, Tricia (Dr.)
Bagley, Stephanie (Lt. Col.)
Baidatz, Yossi
Baker, Rodger
Bale, Jeffrey M.
Baliani, Diego
Balkani, Avner (Lt. Col. Res.)
Banks, William (Prof.)
Bansal, Alok (Capt.)
Bar Shalom, Amir
Barak, Michael (Dr.)
Bardají, Rafael L.
Barducci, Anna Mahjar
Barnidge, Robert P. Jr.
Barniv Ravit
Barsky, Yehudit
Bartel, Jeremy (LTC)
Basava, Kiran
Bauer, Alain (Prof.)
Bauer, Katherine
Behar, Gideon (Amb.)
Ben Artzi, Asher (Chief Supt. Ret.)
Ben Avraham, Ariela Brig. Gen. (Res.)
Ben David, Alon
Ben Dayan, Ariel
Ben Efraim, Rami (Brig. Gen. Res.)
Ben Yaakov, Uri Lt. Col. (Res.)
Benaglia, Stefania
Ben-Eliyahu, Eitan (Maj. Gen. Res.)
Bengio, Ofra (Prof.)
Benichou, David (The Honorable Judge)
Ben-Meir, Eli (.Brig. Gen. Res)
Bennett, Naftali (H.E MK)
Ben-Shalom, Reuven (Col. Res.)
Ben-Shoshan, Abraham (Adm. Res.)
Ben-Simhon, Ron
Ben-Zedeff, Eviathar H. (Dr.)
Ben-Zur, Barak (Dr. Col. Res.)
Beres, Louis Rene
Bergen, Peter
Bergman, Bar
Beri, Dafne
Berko, Anat (Dr.)
Berkowitz, Peter (Prof.)
Berman, Eran
Berman, Ilan
Berman, Paul
Bernfeld, Catriel (Adv.)
Berti, Benedetta (Dr.)
Besenyő, János (Lt. Col.)
Bettane, Patrick
Beyler, Clara
Bhattacharya, Sanchita
Bibi, Arie (Dr.)
Bigot, Adèle
Bin Noon, Chemi
Biran (Biko), Yakov (Brig. Gen. Ret.)
Biran, Yoav (Amb.)
Bitzur, Avi (Dr.)
Blank, Laurie (Prof.)
Bligh, Alexander (Prof.)
Blitzblau, Oren (Maj.)
Blitzblau, Oren (Maj.)
Blitzblau, Oren (Maj.)
Bloom, Nicholas
Bohm, Vera
Bollag, Josef (Dr.)
Boms, Nir (Dr.)
Bongers, Rob
Borg, Annika (Dr.)
Borochovitz, Eldad
Bozna, Menachem (Comm. Ret.)
Brabbing, Arik
Brackman, Nicole
Brady, Edward (LTC)
Brand Amit
Braniff, William
Brik, Itzhak (Maj Gen. Res.)
Brisard, Jean-Charles
Broshi, Yoav (Dr.)
Bruchi, Céline
Bruguière, Jean-Louis (Judge)
Brun, Itai (Brig. Gen. Res.)
Burn, Catherine (Deputy Commissioner)
Butler, John Robert
Byman, Daniel (Prof.)
Callimachi, Rukmini
Camus, Jean-Yves
Cannan, Chris (Amb)
Carmi, Adi
Carmon, Daniel (Amb. Ret.)
Carp, Hezi (Chief Superintendent)
Carter, Sean (Adv.)
Cavari, Amnon (Dr.)
Chaulia, Sreeram
Chayot, Eran (Dr.)
Chen, Dvorah (Adv.)
Chen, Weixiong
Chertoff, Michael (H.E)
Chessoni, Jon
Clark, Emma
Clarke, Colin P. (Dr.)
Coaker, Vernon (Rt. Hon.)
Coan, Michael (Chief)
Cohen, Ariel
Cohen, Daniel
Cohen, Efraim
Cohen, Ronen (Col. Res.)
Cohen, Shuki (Prof.)
Col. Guy
Cole, Leonard A. (Prof.)
Comerford, Milo (Mr.)
Cominetti, Valentina
Coninsx, Michèle
Consolino, Sara
Cook, Joana (Dr.)
Corcoran, Eugene J.
Corn, Geoffrey S. (Prof.)
Cotler, Irwin (Prof.)
Counter Terrorism Today
Coven, Melody (Mostow)
Crelinsten, Ronald (Prof.)
Crenshaw, Martha (Prof.)
Cronin, Naomi
Cruickshank, Paul
Cunningham, James
Cyber Desk
Dagan, Meir (Maj. Gen. Res.)
Dagan, Yotam
Dahri, Noor
Daloglu, Tulin
Danino, Yohanan (Commissioner Ret.)
Danon,Eric (Amb.)
Daskal, Jennifer (Prof.)
Daskal, Yossi (Col. Ret.)
Database Desk
Davis, Jonathan
Dayan, Uzi (Maj. Gen. Res.)
Dayton, Keith W. (Lt. Gen. Ret.)
De Cuia, Chiara
de Kerchove, Gilles
De Klerk, Piet (Amb.)
de la Corte Ibáñez, Luis
de Michele, Matthew (Dr.)
Deliso, Chris
der Weduwen, (Timothy)
DeWit, Hannah
Diamant, Ilan (Dr.)
Dichter, Avi (MK)
Dickstein,Phineas (Prof.)
Diker, Dan
Dixon, Rob (Deputy Amb.)
Dolev, Eran (Prof.)
Dolnik, Adam (Prof.)
Doron, Hadar (Lt. Col. Res.)
Dotti, Francesco
Doukhan, David (Dr.)
Doukhan, David (Dr.)
Downing, Michael (Deputy Chief)
Draznin, Joseph (Dr.)
Drori, Zeev (Prof.)
D'Souza, Kirk
Duchesneau, Jacques
Dupuis-Danon, Marie-Christine
Duvdevani, Eran (Col. Res.)
Dykan, Eyal (Lt. Col. Res.)
Dzikansky, Mordecai
Echeverría, Carlos
Efrati, Rami Brig. Gen. (Res.)
Efron, Shira (Dr.)
Eichhorst, Kristina (Dr.)
Eid, Bassem
Eilam, Uzi (Brig. Gen. Ret.)
Eilat, Dakar (Col. Res.)
Eisin, Miri (Col. Ret.)
Elimelech, Oren
Eliraz, Giora (Dr.)
Elis, Niv
Eliyahu, Avi (Col. Res.)
Elkaim, Zachary
Engebrethsen Smith, Tuva Julie
Erdan, Gilad (H.E MK)
Erez, Noy (Adv.)
Erkan, Ozgur
Erlich, Reuven (Dr.)
Eshed, Gadi
Essmaeel, Fadi (Dr.)
Evans, Alexander (Dr.)
Eyal, Maya
F. G.
Fadlon, Moshe (The Honorable)
Fainberg, Alisa (Dr.)
Faktor, Natalie
Falk, Ophir (Dr.)
Falk, Ophir (Dr.)
Falkov, Yaacov (Dr.)
Feith, Douglas J. (H.E.)
Fenech, Georges (MP)
Fernandez, Alberto M. (H.E)
Fidler, David P. (Prof.)
Fighel, Jonathan (Col. Ret.)
Fine, Jonathan (Dr.) Z"L
Fink, Louis
Fisher, Lauren
Fishman, Brian
Fleisher, Blake
Fox, Jonathan (Prof.)
Fox, Yehuda, (Brig. Gen.)
Frampton, Martyn (Dr.)
Frayman, Amir
Fried, Itzhak (Prof.)
Friedland, Nehemia (Prof.)
Friedman, M. David (Amb.)
Friedman, M. David (Amb.)
Friedmann, Robert (Prof.)
G. (Col.)
Gabbay, Avi (H.E)
Gal, Danit
Gal, Reuvan (Dr.)
Galant, Yoav (H.E MK)
Galily, Yair (Prof.)
Gambill, Gary C.
Ganani, Ehud (Dr.)
Ganor, Boaz (Prof.)
Ganor, Dan
Gartenstein-Ross, Daveed (Dr.)
Gaub, Florence
Gautier, Frédérique
Gefen, Zohar (Mr.)
Geiger, Greg
Gelao, Nicola (Maj. Gen.)
Geller, Shulamit (Dr.)
Gerbat, Oran
Gerencir, Haston
Gershon, Ramy
Getahun, Nava
Giannoulis, Alexis
Giat, Segev Sagi
Gilady, Eival (Brig.Gen. Res.)
Gill, K.P.S.
Gilon, Carmi
Glavin, Terry
Gleicher, Cary
Golan Maimon (Brig. Gen Res.)
Goldberg, Ori (Dr.)
Golden, Justin
Goldfarb, Arielle
Goldman, Baruch (Chief Super Intendant Ret.)
Goldstein, Gadi
Gonen, Yossi (Brig. Gen. Ret.)
Gordon, Avishag
Gorka, Sebastian (Dr.)
Greenberg, Michael D.
Grommes, Friedrich
Groppi, Michele
Groppi, Michele (Dr.)
Groppi, Michele (Dr.)
Guang, Pan (Dr.)
Guillermo Fremd
Guiora, Amos N. (Prof.)
Gunaratna , Rohan (Prof.)
Gus, Arie
Gutman, Uri (Amb.)
Haas, Harald (Prof.)
Haberfeld, Danielle
Halevi, Herzl (Herzi) (Maj. Gen.)
Halevi, Jonathan D.
Halevy, Oded (Col. Ret.)
Halperin Wernli, Miri (Dr.)
Halpern, Pinchas (Prof.)
Handman, Etai
Harari, Shalom (Brig. Gen. Ret.)
Harel, Ben
Harel, Dror (Dr.)
Harris , Emma J.
Harris, David A.
Hasnain, Syed Ata (Lt. Gen. Ret.)
Hason, Ofir
Hassner, Ron (Prof.)
Hasson, Yoel (Former Knesset member)
Haydon, Dean (Commander)
Heaton, Steven D.
Hecker, Steve
Hellenthal, Markus (Dr.)
Herren, Eric
Herzog, Isaac (MK)
Higgins Sainz, Celia
Hilel, Eliezer
Hirsch, Gal (Brig. Gen. Res.)
Hirsch-Hoefler, Sivan (Dr.)
Hoeft, Gabriel
Hofer, Max
Hoffman, Aaron (Prof.)
Hoffman, Bruce (Prof.)
Hoffman, Ronen (Dr.)
Hogan-Howe, Bernard (Sir)
Honig, Kenneth D.
Horoweitz, Sheike (Brig. Gen. Ret.)
Horowitz, Moshe
Horowitz, Sarit
Horst, Frank
Housen-Couriel, Deborah (Adv.)
Howard, Russell (Brig. Gen. Ret.)
Hoyt, Timothy (Prof.)
Hughes, Seamus
Humire, Joseph
Iacovou, Christos
ICT Researchers
ICT Staff
ICT16
ICTR
Idan, Avinoam (Dr.)
IDC Herzelyian
Ilan, Ehud
Inbar, Efraim (Prof.)
Inbari, Pinhas
Iran and Shi'ite Terrorism Desk
Iserovich, Hayim (Dr.)
Iskow, Elizabeth
Israel Defense Forces
Israel Foreign Ministry
Israel Security Agency (Shabak)
Israel, Eran (Dr.)
Israeli, Raphael
Israeli, Zipi (Dr.)
Issacharoff, Avi
Iván J. Cintrón Guzmán
Ivanov, Eduard (Prof.)
Jablon, Brian
Jager, Avi
Jager, Avi (Dr.)
Jasso, Caleb
Javedanfar, Meir
Jayasekara, Shanaka
Jebb, Cindy (Brig. Gen. Dr.)
Jenkins, Brian
JMG Desk
Jo jo
Joost Tillemans
Joshi, Sharad
Jurden, Maddie
Kahati, Yoram (Dr.)
Kalo, Avi (ADV., Lt. Col. Res.)
Kalo, Ezekiel (Hezi)
Kandel, Ela
Kaniak, Benny (Lt. Gen. Ret.)
Karagiannis, Emmanuel
Karmon, Ely (Dr.)
Kasher, Asa (Prof.)
Katabi, Shlomi (Maj. Gen. Ret.)
Katz, Israel (H.E. MK)
Katz, Yaakov
Kaye, Dalia Dassa (Dr.)
Kearney, Olivia
Kelvington, Michael R.
Keneally, Drew
Kenkel, John (LTC)
Kfir, Isaac (Dr.)
Khan, Irit (Adv.)
Khan, Jehangir (Dr.)
Khan, Shirin
Kimani, Martin (Amb. Dr.)
King, Matthew H. (The Honorable)
Klein, Morton
Klinger, Ofra (Lt. Gen. Ret.)
Klisman, Guy
Knler, Anbar
Knoechelmann, Maike
Knoope, Peter
Koch, Ariel (Dr.)
Kogan, Yuri
Kohl, Avi (Dr.)
Koren, David (Dr.)
Koren, Haim (Amb.)
Kornguth, Steve (Prof.)
Kotra, Jonathan F.
Kozolovski, Nimrod (Dr.)
Kramer, Martin
Krause, Joachim (Prof.)
Kreiner, Erez
Kritzman, Tally
Krongard, Alexander L. (Rear Admiral)
Kroupenev, Artem
Kuperwasser, Yossi (Brig. Gen. Res.)
Kurkaa, Manuela
Kurz, Anat (Dr.)
Laborde, Jean-Paul (Judge)
Lacker, Danny (Mr.)
Lahav, Nati Lt. Col. (Ret)
Lailari, Guermantes “G-Man”
Lailari, Guermantes, "G-Man"
Lakshman, Kanchan
Landau, Edan
Landau, Uzi (Dr.)
Lane, Heidi E. (Dr.)
Lanir, Zvi
Lapid, Yair (H.E. MK)
Lappin, Yaakov
Lavon, Yoram P. (Chief Superintendent ret.)
Leibovich, Avital (Lt. Col. Res.)
Leichtman, Jakob
Leifer, Bryan
Lempel, Itzhak
Leonardo, Sanchez (Lt. Col.)
Leppard, Adrian
Leser, Omri
Levanon, Ariel
Levanon, Itzhak (Amb.)
Levi, Nitzan
Levin, Reuven (Dr.)
Levitt, Matthew (Dr.)
Levy, Dan
Levy, Ido
Levy, Udi (Dr.)
Lewin, Eyal (Dr.)
Lewis, Jon
Libman, Liron (Col. Ret.)
Librati, Assaf (Colonel. Res)
Lieberman, Avigdor (The Honorable MK)
Likuski, Anne (Dr.)
Limor, Dani
Linde, Steve
Lindeman, Brent W. (Lt. Col.)
Linder, Deanna
Litvak, Meir (Dr.)
Litvak, Meir (Prof.)
Liv, Nadine
Livne, Aryeh
Livni, Tzipi (MK)
Longust, Jeff
Lopez-Soto, Misael
Lorbert, Yoav
Lorenz, Akiva
Lotan, Lior (Col. Res. Adv.)
Luft, Gal
Lutzky, Dov (Maj. Gen. Ret.) Z"L
Lyons, Deborah (Amb.)
Magennis, Stephen (Lt. Col.)
Maher, Shiraz
Makov, Eran (Col. Res.)
Maliach, Assaf (Dr.)
Manciulli, Andrea (MP H.E)
Mann, Yossi (Dr.)
Maor-Hirsh, Sigalit
Margalit, Liraz (Dr.)
Margolin, Devorah
Margolin, Ephraim
Marks, Joel
Martelli, Adelaide
Marzan, Ronit (Dr.)
Marzuk, Moshe (Lt. Col. Res.)
Matias, Shavit (Dr.)
May
Mazalian, David
Mazooz, Gabriel
Mehta, Ashok K. (Gen.)
Meigs, Montgomery C. (Gen.)
Mektić, Dragan (H.E)
Melnick, Rafi (Prof.)
Menashri, David (Prof.)
Menashri, Harel (Dr.)
Merari, Ariel (Prof.)
Meridor, Dan
Michael Borchard (Dr.)
Michael, Kobi (Dr.)
Mihaylov, Dimitar (Amb.)
Miller, Elissa
Milo, Roni (H.E)
Mimran, Yoav
Mintz, Alex (Prof.)
Mir, Amir
Mirkinm, Dan (Dr.)
Mirviss, Sophie
Mishal, Shaul (Prof.)
Mistretta, Monica
Mladenov, Nickolay (H.E.)
Moed, Iddo
Mofaz, Shaul (MK Lt. Gen. Ret.)
Mofaz, Shlomo (Col. Res.)
Moghadam, Assaf (Prof.)
Mohanty, Tushar Ranjan
Monette, Denis
Monty, Sagi
Mordechai, Hagai (Brig.Gen. Res)
Morel, Benoît (Prof.)
Moro, Daniele (Dr.)
Morris, Blair
Mr. Kappenman, John
Multiple Authors
Murad Waiss, Danielle
Musharbash, Yassin
Myers, Christine
N., Oz
Naftali Granot
Natalie D. Crone
Navarrete, Manuel
Nderitu, George
Neumann, Peter (Prof.)
Neville-Jones, Pauline (Rt. Hon. Baroness)
Nikolić, Aleksandar (H.E)
Ningthoujam, Alvite Singh
Nitzan, Shai (Adv.)
Norell, Magnus (Dr.)
Normak, Magnus
Novotny, Perry, Esq.
Nuriel, Nitzan (Brig. Gen. Res.)
Online Course
Orgad, Liav (Prof.)
Oseran, Shai
Oz, Shimon Yechiel (Dr.)
Paďourek, Jan
Paganini, Pierluigi (Mr.)
Page, Jacqueline
Pantucci, Rafaello (Dr.)
Paris, Jonathan
Parrino ,Roger (Comm.)
Parthasarathy, G.
Parzen, Jacob
Passig, David (Prof.)
Pavel, Tal (Dr.)
Paz, Nathan (Col. Res.)
Paz, Reuven (Dr.) Z"L
Peiris, G. H.
Peled, Rafi (Brig. Gen. Ret.)
Peleg, Shuki
Pelham, Nicolas
Peres, Shimon (The Honorable)
Perliger, Arie (Dr.)
Perri, Smadar
Perry, Yaakov (MK)
Phadke, Ramesh
Pham, J. Peter
Pindyck, Shira
Pipes, Daniel
Pohl, Johanna
Pollock, David (Dr.)
Popovich, Elad
Porat, Ran (Dr.)
Price, Bryan C. (LTC)
Pries-Shimshi, Yael
Prince El Hassan bin Talal (HRH)
Probst, Peter S.
Pues, Viktoria
Pulwer, Robert
Qing, Zhou
Quiggin, Thomas
Rabi, Uzi (Prof.)
Radlauer, Don
Radzinski, Jay
Rajiv, Samuel C.
Raman, B.
Ramana, Siddharth
Ranstorp, Magnus (Dr.)
Rasmussen, Nicholas J.
Raz, Oded
Raza, Raheel
Rebecca Brattskar
Regev, Nir
Reichard, Ariel
Reichman, Uriel (Prof.)
Reinares, Fernando (Prof.)
Reisner, Daniel (Col. Res. Adv.)
Rhode, Harold (Dr.)
Rhodes, Darion
Rich, Dave
Richemond-Barak, Daphné (Dr.)
Ridge, Thomas J. (H.E.)
Ritzmann, Alexander
Rogan, Randall G. (Prof.)
Rokah, Doron
Romach, Shimon
Ron, Gai
Ron, Guy
Ronen, Dan (Maj. Gen. Res.)
Rooks, Kane
Rose, Gregory (Prof.)
Rosen, Jacob (Amb.)
Rosen, Yaron
Ross, Shani
Rostow, Nicholas (Dr.)
Rotem, Yuval (Amb.)
Rothe, Chris
Rothschild, Lauren
Rothschild, Lauren
Rotter, Arie (Adv.)
Rowley, Mark (Asst. Comm.)
Rubinstein, Joram
Rudesheim, Frederick S. (LTG)
Ruqaiyah, Abu (Dr.)
Ryan Smith
Saar, Ezra
Sabol, Jozef (Dr.)
Sabo-Walsh, Stefan
Sageman, Marc (Prof.)
Sagiv, Yariv (Adv.)
Sahni, Ajai
Sales, Nathan (Prof.)
Samia, Yom-Tov (Maj. Gen. Res. Dr.)
Sammie Wicks
Samuel, Katja (Dr.)
Samuels, Shimon (Dr.)
Santabarbara, Lucia
Saranga, David
Sasportas, Sharon (Col. Res.)
Sasson, Shmuel
Satloff, Robert (Dr.)
Schanzer, Jonathan (Dr.)
Scharia, David (Dr.)
Scheiner, Dana
Schenker, David
Schenosky, Joseph
Scher, Gideon
Scherf, Aharon
Schindler, Hans-Jakob (Dr.)
Schmid, Alex (Prof.)
Schmitt, Michael (Prof.)
Schnitt, Jonathan
Schorr, Eric J.
Schwartz, R.
Schwartz, Rachel
Schwarz, Ivo (Amb.)
Schweitzer, Yoram
Scremin, Nicolò
Scuto, Valeria
Seener, Barak
Segall, Michael (Lt. Col. Ret.)
Seidman, Nicolas
Sela, Avraham (Prof.)
Serrano, Pedro
Shadach, Eran (Dr.)
Shah, Surendra (Inspector Ret.)
Shahar, Yael
Shahin, Sultan
Shaked, Ayelet (H.E MK)
Shaked, Gadi (Prof.)
Shamir, Eitan (Dr.)
Shamir, Ron
Shamir, Shira
Shapira, Shmuel (Prof.)
Shapiro, Daniel B. (Amb.)
Sharon, Omri
Shavit, Michal (Dr.)
Shavit, Shabtai
Shay, Shaul (Dr.)
Shelah, Ofer (H.E. MK)
Sheldon, Danielle
Shenar, Danny
Shenhar, Gilead (Col. Ret.)
Shenhar, Gilead Col. (Res.)
Shenhar,Gilead (Gili) (Col. (Ret.)
Sherman, Maya
Sherman, Ran, Col. (Res.),
Shimoni, Yuval (Brig. Gen. Res.)
Shiner, Rory
Shmilovich, Pinhas
Shoval, Shabtai
Shteir, Dani
Shugg, Charles (Brig. Gen. Ret.)
Shuter, Yehudit
Silberberg, Leah
Simpson, Emile
Sinai, Joshua
Singh, Ajit
Singh, Ajit Kumar
Singh, S. Binodkumar
Sinha, Amar (Amb.)
Situation Room
Skidmore, J.
Small, Charles Asher (Dr.)
Smith, Chip
Smith, Mike
Smith, Samuel A.
Sofaer, Abraham D.
Soffer, Chilik (Dr. Col. Res.)
Sofrin, Amnon (Brig. Gen. Ret.)
Solheim, Kent G. (LTC)
Sommer, Hillel
Southers, Erroll G. (Dr.)
Speyer, Lea
Spyer, Jonathan (Dr.)
Stahl, A.E.
Staniforth, Andrew (Det. Inspector)
Steinbach, Michael B.
Steinberg, Gerald (Prof.)
Steinberg, James B.
Steinberg, Matti
Steiner, Tommy
Steinitz, Yuval (The Honorable MK Dr.)
Stenzler-Koblentz, Liram (Dr.)
Stern, Elazar (MK Maj. Gen. Res.)
Stern, Jessica (Prof.)
Streusand, Douglas E.
Stromza, Tsahi
Sugiono, Muhadi
Sutherland, Alistair (Asst. Comm.)
Svetlova, Ksenia (Former Knesset member)
Tadmor, Boaz (Dr.)
Tal, Avner (Adv.)
Tanter, Raymond (Prof.)
Tarbutton, Scott (Adv.)
Tardivo, Giada
Tayloe, Brittany
Teich, Sarah
Teitelbaum, Joshua (Prof.)
Terdiman, Moshe (Dr.)
Terror and Psychology Desk
Terror and the Media
Terzi, Giulio (Amb.)
Timianker, Omri
Tiwari, Aaditya (Mr.)
Tkachenko, Vladimir (Col.)
Tomes, Robert (Dr.)
Tony Kay (Deputy Ambassador)
Tool, Gabriel
Toorgeman, Itzik (Lt. Col. Res.)
Tordjman, Nir
Toronto, Nathan W.
Trevisi, A. F.
Trifunovic, Darko (Dr.)
Troy, Gil (Prof.)
Turgeman, Shlomo "Sami" (Maj. Gen.)
Tzafrir, Eliezer (Geizi)
Tzur, David (Maj. Gen. Res.)
Tzuriel, Chagai
Uhlmann, Milena
Vallee, Charles
Valls, Manuel (The Honorable)
Van Der Taelen, Luc (Comm.)
Vann, Joseph (Prof.)
Ventura, Raphael (Dr.)
Victoria Barber
Vidino, Lorenzo (Dr.)
Vilenko, Ofer
Vilnai, Matan (Maj. Gen. Res.)
von Goetze, Clemens (Amb. Dr.)
Wagner, Abraham (Dr.)
Wahabi, Anan (Dr.)
Walker, Steven (Dr.)
Wallerstein, Mitchel B. (Prof.)
Walsh, David
Walton, Richard (Commander)
Wang Zhen
Warmoth, Sandra
Watson Parcels, Sandra
Watts, Clint
Webman, Esther
Weimann, Gabriel, (Prof.)
Weinberg, Stevie
Whine, Michael
Whiteside, Craig (Dr.)
Williams, Dan
Williams, Jasmine
Wiskind, Claire
Witker, Ivan
Wojtowicz, Anna
Wolf, Dana (Dr.)
Wolmer, Leo (Dr.)
Wyss, Michel
Xiaoqiang, Fu (Prof.)
Ya'alon, Moshe (Bogie) (Lt. Gen. Res.)
Yaari, Ehud
Yaffe, Aharon (Dr.)
Yair, Yoram "Yaya" (Maj. Gen. Res.)
Yakuel, Arik (Gen. Ret.)
Yampolsky, Kat
Yanai, Ronni
Yanai, Zvi (Col. Ret.)
Yarchi, Moran (Ph.d)
Yatom, Ehud
Yavne, Ram (Brig. Gen.)
Yechieli, Sivan
Yehoshua, Sagit (Dr.)
Yoffe, Yoram
Yung, Dubi (Brig. Gen. Ret.)
Zafirov, Miroslav
Zahavi, Gilad
Zalicha, Yaron (Prof.)
Zapletalová, Markéta
Ze'evi-Farkash, Aharon (Maj. Gen. Res.)
Zelin, Aaron
Zenn, Jacob
Zhang, Yuan (Dr.)
Zhen, Wang (Dr.)
Zilbershmidt, Daniel
Zisser, Eyal (Prof.)
Zohar, Dvir (Maj. Gen. Ret.)
Zohar, Gadi (Brig. Gen. Ret.)
Zuk Ram, Zeev (Vova), Brigadier General (Ret.)
א', (רס"ן)
אסף נקש
ד"ר אלי כרמון
ד"ר מיכאל ברק
ד"ר ראובן ארליך
ד"ר שאול שי
דר' אביתר בן צדף
הראלי, ארז
ח., רונן
יאיר רייכר
יוסף, רן
כהן, שירה
מאי
מנחם, עילי
מר שבתאי שובל
מר שבתי שביט
סא"ל (מיל') דביר פלג
סמיה, יום טוב (ד"ר, אלוף מיל.)
צוות ניטור אתרי ג'האד גלובאלי
Home
›
ICT's Publications
›
Book Review: Coalitions between Terrorist Organizations: Revolutionaries, Nationalists and Islamist
10/01/2006 | by Bale, Jeffrey M.
Coalitions between Terrorist Organizations: Revolutionaries, Nationalists and Islamists, by Ely Karmon. Leiden, Netherlands, and Boston, MA: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2005. xiii + 391 pages. Abbrevs. to p. 396. Bibl. to p. 425. $179.
Book Review by Jeffrey M Bale, in “Deciphering Islamism and Terrorism,” The Middle East Journal, Autumn 2006, Vol. 60, Iss., 4, p. 777.
ORGANIZATIONAL AND OPERATIONAL MATTERS
At a time when traditional Cold War political constellations have collapsed or are in flux, there are unexpected new political alliances being forged, and certain fringe groups of left- and right-wing radicals in the West are increasingly expressing sympathy for Islamist terrorists. Some even characterize these terrorists as the vanguard of the popular resistance against the global capitalist New World Order.4 Thus the subject of Ely Karmon's book would seem to be of particular salience. Herein the Israeli analyst, a senior research scholar at the International Policy Institute for Counter-Terrorism (ICT), endeavors to offer a systematic treatment and analysis of the phenomenon of cross-milieu and intramilieu collaboration between diverse types of extremist and terrorist groups. Alas, although the term "Islamists" in the title suggests that these types of organizations will receive prominent consideration in this context, in actuality the primary focus of the book is on ethno-nationalist and secular revolutionary terrorist groups, leftist and rightist, prior to the 1990s, and specifically on the collaboration between European revolutionary and Palestinian nationalist terrorists, on the one hand, and among diverse left-wing "Euroterrorist" groups, on the other. In short, Karmon concentrates on the "old" secular terrorist groups rather than on the "new" religious terrorist groups, although he has added a long chapter on the intra-milieu collaboration between diverse Islamist terrorist organizations (Chapter 11). For potential collaboration between Islamist terrorists and groups from other extremist milieus, however, one must look elsewhere.5
In his introductory chapter, Karmon rightly notes that there has been "a paucity of research on the subject of cooperation and coalitions between terrorist organizations" and that "[c]ase studies of specific terrorist organizations include only brief discussions of international cooperation by these organizations," which effectively means that questions raised about such matters in the early 1970s - the most interesting of which are whether cooperation has led to the "creation of working coalitions," whether "ideology is the main force behind the establishment and operation" of such coalitions or is "trumped by political and material interests," and whether an alliance between terrorist groups is "comparable to an alliance between states" - still "remain unanswered" (p. 3). This book attempts to address these and other questions.
Organizationally, the book begins with two chapters that deal, respectively, with the "theoretical framework and research paradigm" and the "operative variables [and] research hypotheses" (p. 4), precisely the sort of "social science" gobbledygook that gives this reviewer a headache and provides a clear indication that this book originated as a doctoral thesis in political science. There follow three chapters on left-wing terrorist organizations in Germany, Italy, and France, and a chapter each on leftist "Euro-Terrorist" alliances in the mid-1980s, right-wing terrorist groups in Italy, Euskadi ta Askatasuna (ETA: Basque Homeland and Freedom) in Spain, and Palestinian nationalist terrorist organizations. Chapter 10 "tests the hypotheses against the empirical data to determine if they can support an original and more comprehensive theory" (p. 4). Finally, Chapter 11 "updates the theoretical findings" (p. 4) with respect to Islamist terrorist networks such as al-Qa'ida.
After providing good overviews of the factual record in his case study chapters, Karmon concludes (see Chapter 3) that of the German leftist groups only the Rote Armee Fraktion (RAF) established a bona fide coalition with Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) factions that led to ideological, logistical, and operational collaboration during the 1970s, whereas the Revolutionäre Zellen (RZ) collaborated operationally with the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) for a brief period, and the situation regarding the Bewegung 2. Juni (B2J) remains unclear (pp. 68-71, 95). In France (see Chapter 4), Karmon concludes that Action Directe (AD) was not involved in any meaningful collective logistical or operational collusion with Palestinian groups (pp. 138-40, 156), although close personal links were apparently forged between Frédéric Oriach and the Fractions Armées Révolutionnaires Libanaises (FARL) (p. 142). This conclusion seems rather surprising given the overtly pro-Palestinian orientation of AD, especially its "international" faction, and the frequency with which the group attacked Israeli and Jewish targets in Europe. As for the Brigate Rosse (BR) in Italy (see Chapter 5), the Mario Moretti faction responsible for the kidnapping and murder of the former Prime Minister Aldo Moro cooperated ideologically, logistically, and operationally at the very end of the 1970s with al-Fatah (pp. 103-10), and other elements of the group also seem to have colluded logistically with the FARL in the early 1980s. In the mid-1980s, several leftist terrorist organizations in Europe - the RAF, AD, a BR faction known as the Brigate Rosse per la Costruzione del Partito Comunista Combattente (BR-PCC), the Cellules Communistes Combattantes (CCC) in Belgium, and the Forças Populares 25 de Abril (FP-25) in Portugal - sought to establish various joint "Anti-Imperialist Guerrilla Fronts" (see Chapter 6), a plan that only became feasible when each of the groups or factions involved acknowledged the bipolar nature of the conflict between capitalism and socialism, which some had previously denied (pp. 189-90). These grandiose schemes eventually came to naught without yielding much in the way of tangible operational collusion (p. 161). In his section (Chapter 7) on neofascist, Evolan, and "third position" groups in Italy, Karmon concludes, perhaps erroneously, that despite their increasing espousal of philo-Arab and pro-Palestinian attitudes, "[t]here is no evidence of any real cooperation between Italian radical right-wing and Palestinian organizations" (p. 206).6 Finally, because of ETA's nationalist focus, desire to retain independence, and "lukewarm attitude towards international cooperation" (p. 232), there is only scattered evidence of ideological and logistical cooperation with Palestinian groups (pp. 225-27).
From the Palestinian side (see Chapter 9), it seems that both international and regional developments influenced Palestinian ideological agendas and strategic calculations, first in such a way as to induce Fatah and PFLP cooperation with European terrorist groups and later, after taking account of the attitudes of European governments and moves toward "normalization" in the Middle East, to reduce the prospect for it. Consequently, the degree and nature of such cooperation shifted as time wore on (pp. 249-51, 261, 265-67). This is hardly surprising, but Karmon provides a useful overview. Among his most interesting findings are that "there is no evidence of any public Palestinian support for a European or Western terrorist organization" (p. 275), that there were not many Europeans trained in Palestinian camps, and that "all [Palestinian] ties with foreign terrorist organizations were bilateral" (p. 276).
In Chapter 10, Karmon endeavors to summarize what he learned from the case studies to "test" the 12 hypotheses he laid out in Chapter 3. A few of his more interesting conclusions are noteworthy. First, the cases corroborated his basic thesis - the "tendency of terrorist organizations to cooperate and ally when they feel threatened" (p. 279). second, "cooperation between security forces against terrorist organizations encouraged their tendency to form coalitions" (p. 285). Third, "cooperation at all levels, and, by extension, the establishment of [terrorist] coalitions cannot take place without the existence of a minimal ideological common denominator" (p. 287), although "ideological affinity and geographical proximity are not sufficient per se for the establishment of an international coalition" (pp. 294-95). Fourth, "nationalist terrorist organizations are less likely to form international coalitions with other groups," a claim that may be valid for ETA but - as Karmon himself reveals - is not nearly as applicable to others, especially the PLO (p. 290). Lastly, the "donor" terrorist groups that provide support to their partners do not generate "significant dependency" on the part of these latter (p. 292).
Chapter 11 focuses on a "specific aspect of the Islamist movement, namely the alliances between its various factions and streams," and uses Usama bin Ladin's 1998 attempt to forge a World Islamic Front for Jihad against Jews and Crusaders (WIF) as an illustrative case study for analysis (p. 309). Note that this umbrella organization was intended to be an alliance solely between Sunni jihadist groups, rather than one that also encompassed Shi'i jihadists, much less non-Muslim radicals. (Alas, one of the most potentially fruitful and worrisome Islamist collaborative ventures - the attempts to broker an alliance in the early 1990s between al-Qa'ida and Hizbullah - is mentioned only briefly on page 333, and without noting the important corroborative testimony of Jamal al-Fadhl.) Although this much ballyhooed but relatively ineffectual WIF ultimately failed to augment the operational capacity of al-Qa'ida, since the key Egyptian components were themselves beset by internal disputes over appropriate forms of struggle that eventually led to schisms, Karmon argues that his conclusions concerning secular and nationalist groups generally apply to Islamist groups as well.
In sum, this is an extremely useful book on an important topic that has the potential, depending upon how things develop, to become even more significant in the future. Karmon has provided a lot of valuable illustrative and background information in his efforts to "test" and support his theoretical conclusions. One can of course quibble about various matters, such as his rather pedantic social science approach; his failure to give due weight to the crucial analytical distinction between the attempted forging of alliances between 1) terrorist groups from within the same ideological milieu, as opposed to those between 2) groups stemming from different extremist milieus; his labeling of the RAF and other Euroterrorists as "anarchist" or "anarcho-communist" groups; and his apparent confusion concerning the differences between diverse neo-fascist currents in Italy. Nevertheless, Karmon's study is the only extant work that deals with the question of collaboration between terrorist groups from various milieus in a focused, historically sensitive, and methodically systematic fashion, which likely will make it the starting point for most future researchers concerned with these complex issues.