Notes: [1] Erudition - Russian Electronic Library Report (2003). Report: Islam and Politics in the Chechen Republic (Доклад: Ислам и политика в Чеченской республике). Retrieved from Erudition: Russian Electronic Library: http://www.erudition.ru/referat/ref/id.50245_1.html [2] Kudravtzev, A. V. (1994). Islam and Government in the Chechen Republic (Ислам и государство в Чеченской республике). Восток. [3] Nezavisimaya Gazeta. (1992, February 18). Независимая газета. [4] Cornell, S. E. (2000, April). Chechnia, Russia and The Islamic Factor: A Source of Instability in the Northern Caucasus. Retrieved from CA&CC Press Publishing House (Sweden): http://www.ca-c.org/journal/eng-04-2000/25.corn.shtml See also: Erudition. (2003). Report: Islam and Politics in the Chechen Republic [5] Ibid. [6] The capital city of Chechnya. [7] Cornell, S. E. (2000, April). Chechnia, Russia and The Islamic Factor: A Source of Instability in the Northern Caucasus. [8] Ibid. [9] Vidino, L. (2005, Summer). How Chechnya Became a Breeding Ground for Terror. Middle East Quarterly Vol. XII: No.3 It is noteworthy that Al Qaeda’s Al-Zwahiri was captured in an attempt to enter Chechnya in 1997 and served six month in a Dagestani prison. [10] Vasilyev, A. M. (1967). Пуритане ислама? Ваххабизм и первое государство Саудидов в Аранин 1744/45-1818 (Islamic Puritans? Wahhabism and the First Saudi State in Aranin 1744/45-1818) . Moscow. [11] Al-Shishani, M. B. (2006). The Rise and Fall of Arab Fighters in Chechnya. The Jamestown Foundation, retrieved from: www.jamestown.org/docs/Al-Shishani-14Sep06.pdf [12] Ibid. See also: Nezavisimaya Gazeta. (1998). НГ-сценарии, № 5 , p. 15. [13] Vatchagaev, M. (2005, April 10). The role of Sufism in the Chechen Resistance. North Caucasus Weekly, Volume 6, Issue 16. Retrieved from The Jamestown Foundation: http://www.jamestown.org/publications_details.php?volume_id=409&issue_id=3315&article_id=2369676 [14] Erudition - Russian Electronic Library Report. (2003). Report: Islam and Politics in the Chechen Republic [15] Kohlmann, E. (2001, April 17). The Legacy of the Arab-Afghans: A Case Study. Washington D.C.: International Politics Honors Thesis, Georgetown University, Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service. [16] Ibid. [17] Specter, M. (1996, January 11). CHECHEN RAIDERS GIVE UP HOSPITAL AND ARE FIRED ON. Retrieved from The New York Times Online: http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9907EEDF1039F932A25752C0A960958260 [18] Specter, M. (1996, January 22). 10 Days That Shook Russia: Siege in the Caucasus. The New York Times [19] Gessen, M. (2004, September 4). What drives the separatists to commit such terrible outrages? Retrieved from Slate: http://www.slate.com/id/2106287/ [20] Kroupenev, A. (2007, March 15). Application of Poliheuristic Methodology to a Sequence of Boris Yeltsin's Decisions During the 1995 Hostage Crisis in Budyonnovsk. Available on SSRN: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1027054 [21] Sadler, B. (1996, January 19). Chechen siege: Embarrassment or triumph? Retrieved from CNN News: http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/9601/chechen_rebels/01-19/index.html [22] Kroupenev, A. (2007, March 15). Application of Poliheuristic Methodology to a Sequence of Boris Yeltsin's Decisions During the 1995 Hostage Crisis in Budyonnovsk. [23] Vidino, L. (2005, Summer). How Chechnya Became a Breeding Ground for Terror. [24] Associated Press. (2004, September 16). Chechen Rebels Hurting for Money. Retrieved from FOXNews.com: http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,132617,00.html [25] Erudition - Russian Electronic Library Report. (2003). Report: Islam and Politics in the Chechen Republic [26] Curtis, G. E. (2002, October). Involvement Of Russian Organized Crime Syndicates, Criminal Elements In The Russian Military, And Regional Terrorist Groups In Narcotics Trafficking In Central Asia, The Caucasus, And Chechnya. Washington, D.C.: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. [27] Erudition - Russian Electronic Library Report. (2003). Report: Islam and Politics in the Chechen Republic [28] Republic of Ichkeria was the name given to the autonomous Chechnya by its separatist government. [29] Erudition - Russian Electronic Library Report. (2003). Report: Islam and Politics in the Chechen Republic. [30] Ibid. [31] Obshaya Gazeta (1997, September 18-24) Общая газета. [32] Historically, Sufi interpretation of Islam has been practiced in Chechnya since the end of the 18th century. The uniqueness of Sufism in Chechnya lies in the transformation and development of the two major factions since the 19th century. The Naqshbandiyya, known in the Caucasus as a base of support for those who resisted Russian aggression in the 18th and 19th centuries, abandoned that view and adopted a stance of peaceful coexistence with the official authorities. At the same time, the Qadiri faction, which had come to Chechnya promoting nonviolent resistance to Russian colonization in the 19th century, has become the main force of Sufi opposition to the authorities. For a comprehensive overview of the topic, see: Vatchagaev, M. (2005, April 10). The role of Sufism in the Chechen Resistance. [33] Erudition. (2003). Report: Islam and Politics in the Chechen Republic [34] Nezavisimaya Gazeta. (1998, December 19) НГ-фигуры и лица. [35] Nezavisimaya Gazeta. (1998, September 12) Независимая газета. [36] Erudition - Russian Electronic Library Report. (2003). Report: Islam and Politics in the Chechen Republic [37] Nezavisimaya Gazeta. (1997, October 11) Независимая газета. [38] “Indivisibility of Islam and politics is not a “malicious” invention of “insidious” Islamist fundamentalists, but rather an essential characteristic of the Islamic faith. An a priori connection between Islam and politics is , of course, entrenched in the universality of Islam, which transcends all spheres of vital human activities, including political activities.” Excerpt taken from: Yejhova, A. (2007, February 2). Философия Али Шариати в контексте исламской политической мысли XX века (Ali Shariat's philosophy in the context of Islamic political thought of the 20th century). Retrieved from Islamic Committee: http://www.islamcom.ru/material.php?id=326 [39] Obshaya Gazeta (1997, September 18-24). Общая газета. [40] Nezavisimaya Gazeta. (1999, February 10). Независимая газета. [41] Nezavisimaya Gazeta. (1999, February 24). Независимая газета. [42] Also known as Emir Khattab, see: BBC News. (2002, April 26). Obituary: Chechen rebel Khattab. Retrieved from BBC News Europe: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1952053.stm [43] Erudition - Russian Electronic Library Report. (2003). Report: Islam and Politics in the Chechen Republic [44] Nezavisimaya Gazeta. (1999, January 27) Независимая газета. [45] Akayev, V. (1998). Суфийские братства и ваххабиты (Sufi Brotherhoods and Wahhabis) . Азия и Африка сегодня, № 6 , 52. [46] Nezavisimaya Gazeta. (1999, January 27) Независимая газета. [47] Vatchagaev, M. (2005, April 10). The role of Sufism in the Chechen Resistance. [48] Akayev, V. (n.d.). RELIGIOUS–POLITICAL CONFLICT IN THE CHECHEN REPUBLIC OF ICHKERIA. Retrieved from CA&CC Press Publishing House (Sweden): http://www.ca-c.org/dataeng/05.akaev.shtml [49] Erudition - Russian Electronic Library Report. (2003). Report: Islam and Politics in the Chechen Republic [50] Akayev, V. (n.d.). RELIGIOUS–POLITICAL CONFLICT IN THE CHECHEN REPUBLIC OF ICHKERIA. [51] Erudition - Russian Electronic Library Report. (2003). Report: Islam and Politics in the Chechen Republic . [52] Akaev, V. (2005). Religious–Political Conflict in the Chechen Republic Of Ichkeria. Retrieved from CA&CC Press: http://www.ca-c.org/dataeng/05.akaev.shtml [53] Erudition - Russian Electronic Library Report. (2003). Report: Islam and Politics in the Chechen Republic [54] Akayev, V. (1999). Чечня: возможен ли афганский вариант? (Chechnya: is the Afghani scenario possible?). Центральная Азия и Кавказ, № 1 (2) , 148. [55] Erudition - Russian Electronic Library Report. (2003). Report: Islam and Politics in the Chechen Republic [56] Ibid. [57] Nezavisimaya Gazeta. (1999, February 24). НГ-религии. p. 4. [58] Ibid. [59] Nezavisimaya Gazeta. (1999, March 26). Независимая газета [60] Ibid. [61] Voice of the Chechen Republic. (1999, February 25). Голос Чеченской Республики . [62] Vatchagaev, M. (2005, April 10). The role of Sufism in the Chechen Resistance. [63] Shermatova, S. (1999). Так называемые ваххабиты (The So-called Wahhabis). Чечня и Россия: общества и государства . Moscow. [64] Vatchagaev, M. (2005, April 10). The role of Sufism in the Chechen Resistance. [65] Smith, M. A. (n.d.). The Second Chechen War: The All-Russian Context. Retrieved from Defence Academy of the United Kingdom Website: www.da.mod.uk/colleges/arag/document-listings/caucasus/p31/P31.ch2/ [66]Pain, E.(n.d.) Conflicts in Kosovo and Chechnya: Unlearnt Lessons. Retrieved from http://www.prof.msu.ru/publ/balk/013.htm [67] BBC News. (2002, December 16). Moscow siege leaves dark memories. Retrieved from BBC News Europe: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2565585.stm [68] CNN. (2004, February 6). Moscow metro blast kills 39. Retrieved from CNN World News: http://www.cnn.com/2004/WORLD/europe/02/06/moscow.blast/index.html [69] BBC News (n.d.). Beslan School Siege. See: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/world/04/russian_s/html/1.stm [70] Gazeta.Ru. (2002, October 15). Reputed Warlord Barayev Killed. Retrieved from TOL Wire: http://www.tol.cz/look/TOL/article.tpl?IdLanguage=1&IdPublication=10&NrIssue=498&NrSection=1&NrArticle=7567&ALStart=272 [71] Kommersant. (2007, February 03). Теперь их точно не выпустят (This time they will definitely not be released). Retrieved from Газета «Коммерсантъ» № 16(3592) : http://www.kommersant.ru/doc.aspx?docsid=739529 [72] Al-Shishani, M. B. (2006). The Rise and Fall of Arab Fighters in Chechnya. [73] Kroupenev, A. (2007, May 25). Chechnya in 2007: Ramzan Kadyrov's Domain. Retrieved from ICT - International Institute for Counter-Terrorism: http://www.ict.org.il/apage/13167.php [74] Ibid. [75] Ibid [76] Shlapentokh, D. (2008, August) The Jihadization of Northern Caucasus. Mideast Monitor, Vol. 3 No. 2. Retrieved from: http://www.mideastmonitor.org/issues/0808/0808_5.htm [77] Kroupenev, A. (2005, March 15). The Assassination of Aslan Maskhadov. Retrieved from ICT - International Institute for Counter-Terrorism: http://www.ict.org.il/apage/5950.php [78] Kroupenev, A. (2007). Chechnya in 2007: Ramzan Kadyrov’s Domain [79] NEWSru. (2006, July 20). Патрушев доложил Путину: Шамиль Басаев уничтожен (Shamil Basayev Liquidated). Retrieved from Newsru.com: http://www.newsru.com/russia/10jul2006/basaev.html [80] Kroupenev, A. (2007). Chechnya in 2007: Ramzan Kadyrov’s Domain [81] Vatchagaev, M. (2005, April 10). The role of Sufism in the Chechen Resistance. [82] Rotar, I. (1995, December 1). Elections in Chechnya: Will They Bring Stability or Further Conflict? Retrieved from The Jamestown Foundation, PRISM, Volume 1 , Issue 25: http://www.jamestown.org/print_friendly.php?volume_id=1&issue_id=100&article_id=1199 [83] KavkazCenter. (2004, May 28). There are bandits in Chechnya. Retrieved from KavkazCenter.com: http://www.kavkaz.org.uk/eng/content/2004/05/28/2813.shtml [84] See: http://www.aeronautics.ru/chechnya/who_is_who_in_chechen_politics.htm [85] Vatchagaev, M. (2005, April 10). The role of Sufism in the Chechen Resistance. [86] Huntington, S. P. (1993). The Clash of Civilizations? Foreign Affairs . [87] Bremmer, I., & Charap, S. (2006, Winter). The Siloviki in Putin’s Russia: Who They Are and What They Want. The Washington Quarterly , 83-92. [88] Bugay, N. F. (1998). Современные межэтнические проблемы в Северокавказском регионе Российской Федерации (Modern inter-ethnic issues in the North Caucasian region of the Russian Federation) . Москва; Ставрополь: Проблемы населения и рынков труда России и Кавказского региона: Материалы Международной научной конференции 14—17 сентября 1998. [89] Zarakhovich, Y. (1996, March 4). Terms of War and Peace. Time Magazine . [90] Haykin, S. (2003, May). ПРАВОВЕРНО-СОВЕТСКАЯ ЧЕЧНЯ . Retrieved from Otechestvenye Zapiski: http://www.strana-oz.ru/?numid=14&article=647 [91] Ibid. [92] Malashenko, A., & Trenin, D. (2002). Время Юга: Россия в Чечне, Чечня в России (The Time of the South: Russia in Chechnya, Chechnya in Russia). Moscow: Gendalf. [93] Lyon, A. J. (2004, March) The Transnational Mobilization of Islamic Fundamentalism: Separatism in Chechnya and the Wahhabis. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Studies Association, Le Centre Sheraton Hotel, Montreal, Quebec, Canada Online. Retrieved from http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p72447_index.html [94] Vatchagaev, M. (2005, April 10). The role of Sufism in the Chechen Resistance. [95] Shlapentokh, D. (2008, August) The Jihadization of Northern Caucasus